Trading Policy Votes贸易政策票数

A rep can increase her power on issues she cares about by trading away votes on other issues.阿代表可以增加其权力的问题，她关心的贸易票以外的其他问题。 This creates a barter economy for setting policies.这将创建一个易货经济制定政策。 It gives even the smallest minority faction a chance to bargain.这使即使是最小的少数派机会讨价还价。 So it spreads power and increases satisfaction, at least on core issues.因此，传播能力和增加满意，至少在核心问题。

It is superficially easier to trade the yes's and no's of plurality ballots than the rank numbers on preference ballots.这是表面上更容易的是贸易的和没有的多元化票数比排名号码优惠票。 But is it easier when the plurality ballots require a series of votes on amendments and other motions?但是，更容易的多元性选票时，需要一系列的投票表决和其他动议？ The final bill might be amended into something very different from what you bargained for.最后帐单可能被修改成完全不同于你谈判。

The preference ballot lets the traders agree, "I'll rank all versions with your amendment above all versions without it if you will do the same for my amendment.倾向于投票让投资者同意， “我会排名所有版本与您的修订上述所有不同版本的，如果你也将这样做对我的修正案。

Bluffing, pretending to mildly oppose whatever a potential trading partner favors, is common.吓唬人的话，假装温和反对任何一个潜在的贸易伙伴主张，是常见的。 By pretending to "change" my vote (to just what I sincerely wanted) I get something for nothing.假装“变”我的投票（以什么样的我衷心希望）我得到的东西没有意义。 Of course the mere possibility of such behavior increases suspicion and cynicism.当然，仅仅是这种行为的可能性增加猜疑和嘲讽。

Some people find trading partners; others don't - so the distribution of power becomes uneven, as intended, but also unfair.有些人觉得贸易伙伴;别人不-这样的权力分配变得不平衡，如预期的那样，而且不公平的。 One person might gain 3 or more votes on an issue while another, who cares about it just as much, gets only 1 vote.一个人可能得到3个或更多的选票的问题上，而另一个，谁在乎它一样，只获得1票。

Trades can even allow bidding in fractions of a voter's weight.交易甚至可以允许竞标组分的选民的重量。 One rep might, for example, bid to trade half a vote (an abstention) on a hot issue for a whole vote on an issue with less demand.一位代表可能，例如，为了贸易的一半表决（弃权）的一个热点问题的一个整体进行表决的问题与不足的需求。 She could still trade the other half, reversing her vote to gain another trade.她仍然可以贸易的另一半，扭转她的表决获得另一贸易。

Even when trades are public, the effects of a rep's votes are less clear and less accountable to the voters.即使在行业的公众的影响，一个代表的票是不太清楚，减少向选民。

Draft草稿

A computer-based auction system can make trades easier and safer.计算机为基础的拍卖系统可以使交易更容易，更安全。 The software ballot assistant could be a key to vote trading for policies.该软件投票助理可能是一个关键的贸易政策进行表决。

The simplest case has three groups, Left, Center, and Right setting policies for two issues: School, and Health.最简单的情况下有三个群体，靠左，居中，右设置政策两个问题：学校和健康。 The options proposed for the School issue are labeled A and B. Y and Z are proposals for the Health issue.提出的选择办法，供学校问题的标示A和B Y和Z的提议健康问题。

Table I shows each faction's size and preferred School and Health policies.表一显示各派的规模和首选的学校和卫生政策。 The bold letters indicate the Left voters ardently desire the A policy for School while the Right strongly desire the Z policy for Health.大胆的信件表明，左选民热切期望的政策，学校的权利，同时强烈希望的Z政策健康。 Each faction is willing to trade votes on other issues to win their major issue.各派愿意贸易票的其他问题，以赢得他们的主要问题。

When Left and Right are about the same size, the Center faction holds the swing votes.当左和右边是同样大小，该中心派持有回旋票。 So their choice would win with sincere votes under any fair voting system if the issues are decided separately.因此，他们选择将会赢得真诚的任何公正的投票表决制度的问题是，如果决定分开。 But if the voters have a choice of policy packages combining School and Health options, then vote trading can be automatic.但是，如果选民选择的一揽子政策，结合学校和保健方案，然后表决交易可以是自动的。

 Table II Preferences on Packages表二优惠套餐 
			 Package Preferences一揽子优惠 	
 Faction   First Second Third Fourth派系第一第二第三第四 
 4 Left AY A Y A Z BY BZ 4学年阿左Ÿ 的Z的渤 
 2 Center   BY BZ AY AZ 2学年中心渤阿尔克马尔 
 4 Right   B Z  A Z  BY BZ 4权乙ž的 Z的渤 

 Table III Condorcet Pairwaise Tally表三孔Pairwaise统计 
	 AY AZ BY BZ学年阿尔克马尔的渤 
 AY - 8/2学年- 8月2日 		
 AZ 8\2 - 8\2 8\2 阿尔克马尔8 \ 2 - 8 \ 2 8 \ 2 
 BY 4/6 8/2 -的4月6日8月2日- 	
 BZ  8/2  -渤8月2日- 

Combining issues leads to an combinatorial explosion in the number ballot items a voter must rank.结合问题导致组合爆炸物品的数量投票的选民必须军衔。 So the Ballot Assistant is a great aid in allowing packages for vote trading.因此，选票助理是一个伟大的援助，使包票交易。

 Table IV Packages to Rank表四包排名 
 Issues   Policies问题政策 		
		 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 
 2  4 4月2日 			
 3 3 					
 4 4 					
 5 5 

* Ballot assistant helps reps vote on a very large list of options. *选票助理帮助代表表决一个非常大的选项列表。 This allows them to combine several policy decisions into one package vote.这使他们结合若干政策决定入一个封装中投票。

Suppose you are in the majority in choosing policy C on issue One.假设你是在大多数选择的政策C对问题之一。 You are in the minority in choosing policy D on issue Two.你是在少数民族政策的选择D的两个问题。 And you rank policy Two D above all versions of issue One.和您的政策2个D级以上的所有版本的问题之一。

The opposition party is in the minority in choosing policy B on issue One.在野党在少数民族政策的选择B的问题之一。 They are in the majority in choosing policy C on issue Two.他们中的大多数选择的政策C对两个问题。 And they rank policy One B above all versions of issue Two.他们的政策一架B级以上的所有版本中的两个问题。

A utility rule such as Borda's can find the combination of One B and Two D -- but it is easily manipulated.实用规则，如博尔达的可以找到一个结合B和2个D -但它很容易操纵。 Can Condorcet's rule find the combination of One B and Two D ?可以孔的规则相结合，找到一个B和2个D ？

What is the simplest case?什么是最简单的情况下？ If we have only two factions, then one is a majority and they get whatever combination of policies they vote for.如果我们只有两个派别，然后一个是多数，他们得到的任何组合的政策，他们投票。 So all revealing examples have at least three factions.因此，所有的例子都表明至少在三个派别。 Red, Blue and Green will label the parties.红色，蓝色和绿色将标签各方。

Issue I has proposals A, B and C. Issue II has K, L and M. On issue III the proposals are X, Y and Z.问题我已经建议A ， B和C期第二K ， L及发出三先生的建议是X ， Y和卓

B, L, and Y are the Condorcet winners (CW) on the three issues.乙， L时，和Y是孔赢家（ CW ）中的三个问题。 But most voters prefer the CKZ package.但是，大多数选民赞成CKZ封装。 It wins the one-on-one comparison with BLY.它赢得了一对一比较BLY 。

Even with Assisted Ballots, reps can be overwhelmed if too many proposals are allowed on one ballot.即使有辅助选票，代表可以不知所措如果太多的建议，允许在一个投票。 This puts a very low limit on the number of issues that can be combined into packages.这使相当低的数目限制的问题，可以组合成包。

In American legislatures a rules committee decides whether a proposed amendment is germane to a bill and so may be attached to it.在美国议会规则委员会决定是否提出的修正案是有密切关系的一项法案，因此可能会附加给它。 Its members will lose some power if a Condorcet rule lets the other reps pare away free-rider amendments.其成员将失去一些权力，如果孔规则让其他代表削减了搭便车的修正案。 But its members might gain power if they can combine issues and make packages possible.但其成员可能夺取政权，如果他们能结合问题，并提出一揽子可能。

A combination of several issues, each with several options, usually will make strategic voting conspiracies more difficult.结合几个问题，每一个都有多种选择，通常会作出战略性投票阴谋更加困难。

z_future.htm speculates on a way of ranking priorities that discourages vote trading as it gives a voter 1 vote on an average priority, extra weight on his top priority, and less than 1 on low priorities. z_future.htm推测的一种方式上的排名优先阻碍表决交易，因为它提供了1投票的选民平均优先，多余的重量对他的首要任务，和小于1的低优先事项。