Ensemble Notes集合债券

Evolving Toward Stability演变趋于稳定

An ensemble legislature can function beside an independent executive branch, such as the American president and cabinet, or with executive officers selected by the legislature, as are most prime ministers of parliamentary governments.乐团立法会功能旁边的一个独立的行政部门，如美国总统和内阁，或与执行人员选出的立法机构，作为最总理的议会政府。

Germany's 1953 combination of party-list PR and single-winner districts is almost an ensemble rule but: Most single-winner districts are not huge and heterogeneous.德国1953年结合党的名单公关和单冠军地区几乎是合奏规则，但：大多数单冠军地区没有大和异构。 They use a plurality rule so reps usually come from and give loyalty to 1 of the 2 large moderate parties not a more central party.他们利用多种规则，以便代表通常来自提供忠诚1 2大温和政党没有一个更中央党校。 The biggest party always forms a ruling majority with a minor party -- excluding the second largest party from policy making.最大党始终形式执政党多数党与未成年人-不包括第二大党的决策。

The page on List PR explained that the first candidate on a list gets the first seat her party wins and that party leaders usually write the lists, so they have immense power over junior politicians and voters.的网页列表公关解释说，第一候选名单上获得的第一个席位她说，党的胜利和党的领导人通常写的名单，因此他们有巨大的权力，初中的政治家和选民。 Public, intra-party competition is therefore rare under list PR.公众，党内的竞争，因此罕见根据清单公关。 A rep who co-operates with another party risks losing his position on his party's list.阿代表谁共同经营风险与另一当事方失去了立场，他的政党的名单。 Therefore Condorcet reps, in an ensemble with List PR reps, may have to wait for proposals from the major parties.因此孔代表，在一个集成的公关代表名单，可能要等待提案的主要政党。 STV reps may be more independent.基金会还代表可以更加独立。 Under LERa, central reps can make proposals and entice STV reps to join.根据LERa ，中央代表可以提出建议和吸引基金会还代表参加。

The system used in Germany and New Zealand is called Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) because it mixes district reps with party list reps.该系统采用德国和新西兰被称为混合成员比例（ 基质金属蛋白酶 ）混合区，因为它与党的代表名单代表。 A voter casts 2 ballots, 1 for a district rep and 1 for a party list.选民投2票， 1区和1代表的政党名单。 Seats won in district elections count toward a party's share of the parliament.所获席位在地区选举计入一缔约方的份额，议会。 If the party's share of the PR votes equals 30 seats and district elections gave them 10 seats, they fill another 20 seats with the top 20 people on the party list.如果党的份额公关票等于30个席位和地区的选举给了他们10个席位，他们填补另外20个席位的前20名人民党的清单。

District reps hold 46% of the seats in Hungary, 50% Germany and New Zealand.区代表持有46 ％的席位，匈牙利， 50 ％的德国和新西兰。 That is higher than necessary; if most districts elected centrists, the ruling majority might be centrist, not inclusive.高于必要的;如果多数地区选出中间派，执政的多数可能是中间派，不包括在内。 All 3 countries use the 5% threshold to exclude very small parties from the PR seats.所有3个国家使用5 ％的阈值排除很小各方公关席位。

A parallel system also uses list PR and single-winner districts but does not count district reps toward a party's share of the PR seats. 并行系统也使用清单公关和单冠军地区，但并不指望区代表向党的份额公关席位。 If the party's share of the PR votes equals 30 seats and district elections gave them 10 seats, they fill another 30 seats with people on the party list for a total of 40 seats.如果党的份额公关票等于30个席位和地区的选举给了他们10个席位，他们填写的另外30个席位的人民党名单，共40个席位。

Hungary's election system is similar to Germany's, but with no link between the single-member district seats and national list-PR seats.匈牙利的选举制度的德国非常相似，但之间没有联系的单一选区席位和国家名单，公关席位。 Hungary's election law calls for a runoff in a district where no one gets a majority.匈牙利的选举法要求径流区那里没有得到多数。 The runoff rule is not the best but it is better than plurality for electing Condorcet winners.径流的规则是不是最好的，但优于多元化的选举孔赢家。 Unfortunately the single-winner districts are not huge and heterogeneous -- a small, conservative district will return a member of a conservative party who is near the political center of that district but not of Hungary as a whole.不幸的是，单冠军地区没有大和异构-一个小国，保守区将返回的成员，保守党谁靠近政治中心，但该地区没有匈牙利作为一个整体。

Azerbaijan and Georgia use parallel systems in which district seats are 20% and 33% respectively.阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚使用并行系统中区20 ％的座位和33 ％ 。 Both use the runoff rule for district elections.同时使用径流规则地区的选举。 I don't know whether their districts are politically heterogeneous.我不知道他们的地区在政治上异构。 Both are former Soviet states still building the democratic norms for fair elections and civil society.都是前苏联国家仍然建立民主规范的公正的选举和公民社会。 Given that setting, it will be some years before the qualities of their systems can be evaluated.鉴于设置，这将是几年前的素质系统可以评价。

A parallel system with Condorcet's rule would act like LERb, giving extra seats to centrists.并行系统的孔多的规则将像LERb ，给予额外的席位中间派。 MMP with Condorcet's rule would act more like LERa; it would not give extra seats to 1 central party.基质金属蛋白酶与孔的规则将采取更喜欢LERa ;它不会给额外席位1中央党校。 But a voter could split his 2 ballots, giving his PR vote to central party A and his Condorcet preference to a candidate from central party B. Parties and voters can do that now under MMP but 1) no party has split itself in 2, and 2) few voters split their ballots between parties that often join together for a coalition government.但他的选民可以分为2张选票，使他的公关投票中央党校孔A和他的偏好的候选人中央党校湾政党和选民能够做到这一点，但现在正在蛋白酶1 ）任何一方有分裂本身2 ， 2 ）少数选民分裂投票的当事方之间，往往一起为一个联合政府。

Sabbatical Terms休假条款

Sabbaticals would not work with list PR because reps could rotate off the list to work in a party office for a term, then rotate back onto the list.公休不会名单公关工作，因为代表可以轮流关闭名单开展工作，党的任期，然后轮流回被列入该名单中。 Even in single winner districts, sabbatical terms could let a powerful politician endorse her seat to a protégé for 1 term, then take it back for several terms.即使在一个赢家地区，休假条款可以让一个强大的政治家赞同她的座位的门徒任期为1 ，然后回几个方面。 When the leader retires the protégé may receive the seat.当退休的领导人可能会收到的门徒所在地。 In districts with such party discipline, a plain term limit can increase competition: [12] years in 1 office, then run for another office.的地区，例如党的纪律，一个普通的任期限制可以增加竞争： [ 12 ]年的1处，然后运行另一个办公室。

Such party discipline may be harder to maintain in a multi-winner district because the incumbent protégé can run again without appearing to run specifically against her mentor.这样的党的纪律可能难以保持在一个多区冠军，因为现任门徒可以再次运行没有出现运行专门针对她的导师。 Or the mentor may help her protégé run again to replace a rival party member.或导师可以帮助她门徒再次运行，以取代对手党员。 Either way, the elections become more competitive than without sabbaticals.无论哪种方式，选举变得更有竞争力比没有公休。

Nominating a Board of Directors提名董事

Some members of an organization I work with do not want competitive elections for their board -- to offer that sacrifice and be rejected by voters is just too dispiriting.一些成员对我工作的组织与不想竞争性选举的委员会-提供的牺牲和被拒绝的选民太沮丧。 The group does elect its nominations committee.该集团不选举提名委员会。 The committee may find a handful of members willing to serve on the board, then vote by STV or LER to nominate 3 candidates for the 3 open board seats.该委员会可能会发现少数成员愿意担任理事会，然后由基金会还表决或路由器提名3名候选人的3公开局席位。 The membership then ratifies that slate by an up or down vote.会员国批准的名单然后由一个向上或向下表决。 Many of us feel it is awkward and undemocratic to have this intermediate step between the members and their board.我们中的许多人认为，这是尴尬的和不民主的，以本之间的中间步骤的成员及其委员会。 But a committee to recruit and develop leaders is essential -- and its secret deliberation and vote do minimize hurt feelings.但是，委员会的领导人招募和发展是至关重要的-和它的秘密的审议和表决尽最大限度地减少伤害的感情。