Manipulation of Elections操纵选举

What's wrong with the common election rules?有什么不好的共同选举规则？ For one thing, they are inherently erratic in their results and that is closely related to some types of manipulation.一方面，他们本质上是不稳定的结果，是密切相关的某些类型的操作。 Each voter gets one vote under the simplest plurality rule, or a number of votes equal to the number of seats to be filled under the bloc vote rule.每名选民被一票的简单多数规则，或者得票最多的数量相等的席位有待填补根据欧盟投票规则。 The candidates that get the most votes win.的候选人获得多数选票获胜。

Manipulations Before Voting操纵表决之前

Divide and Conquer: Plurality rules are erratic because the number of votes an option gets depends more on the number of similar options than on the number of people who support such options. 分而治之 ：多元化是不稳定的，因为规则的表决票数的选择会更多地取决于对一些类似的选择，而不是一些人谁支持这样的选择。 (If voters have a choice of several liberals and one conservative, who is most likely to win?) So, encourage your rivals to nominate candidates, lots and lots of them. （如果选民有选择的若干自由派和一个保守的，谁最有可能赢？ ）所以，你的对手鼓励提名候选人，很多很多的人。

Manipulations By Voters手法由选民

Here's how to take advantage of multi-winner plurality rules such as bloc vote:以下是如何利用多赢得多数的规则，如欧盟表决：

Start by making the list shorter. 开始的名单，从而缩短。 Cross off any candidates you don't like.两岸的任何候选人你不喜欢。 Obviously you don't want to cast a vote for one of these follies.显然，你不想投的票这些愚蠢。 Cross off candidates that seem to have very little chance.跨关闭候选人似乎很少有机会。 Any vote for them is a wasted vote because it does not help build the support required for a winner.任何投票表决是一种浪费，因为它不帮助建立所需的支持赢家。 Even your most preferred candidate should get no vote if her chance of winning is small.即使您最喜欢的候选人应该没有表决权，如果她夺冠的机会很小。 (That last strategy is called " decapitation ".) （这最后的策略是所谓的“斩首” 。 ）

The chapter on legislative voting will look briefly at agenda manipulations.这一章的立法选举将在简要议程的操纵。 Another page in that chapter will explain why the hardest rule to fool is often Instant Runoff Voting, also known as Alternative Vote or Single Transferable Vote.另一个网页在这章将解释为什么最难规则欺骗往往即时径流投票，也被称为另类投票或单一可转让投票。