Against Democracy对民主

Fundamental Challenges For Direct Democracy根本的挑战，直接民主

A) Sentimentalists: “Let a six-year-old girl with brown hair need thousands of dollars for an operation..., and the post office will be swamped with nickels and dimes to save her.甲） Sentimentalists ： “让6岁的女孩与棕色头发需要数千美元的业务... ，和邮政局将被淹没的硬币和硬币，以挽救她的。 But let it be reported that without a sales tax the hospital...但是，让我们报告说，没有销售税的医院... will deteriorate and cause a barely perceptible increase in preventable deaths— not many will drop a tear or reach for their checkbooks.”将恶化，并导致几乎看不到增加的可预防的死亡，而不是许多人会放弃撕裂或达到他们的支票。 “ Thomas C. Schelling 1968.托马斯谢林1968年。

B) Ignorant, innumerate: They lack important information needed to vote for themselves.乙类）无知， innumerate ：他们缺乏所需的重要信息，为自己投票。 They have difficulty dealing with numbers, perhaps even some fear of mathematics.他们有困难处理数字，甚至有些害怕数学。

C) Harried, unthinking followers of fads and fashions: They are easily (mis-) led by ads, rumors and "reasonable doubts" planted in newspapers by political operatives.丙） Harried ，轻率的追随者潮流和时尚的：他们很容易（误）为首的广告，谣言和“合理怀疑”在报纸上种植的政治活动。

D) Superstitious:丁）迷信：

A story: Assembly Speaker Fabian Nuñez (D-Los Angeles) said, “Gov.一个故事：议会议长费边奥努涅斯（丁洛杉矶）说： “州长 Arnold Schwarzenegger's repeated use of the ballot [referendum] - where his popularity with voters is a potent weapon - amounts to a disdain for representative government, where policymaking power rests with elected officials.” (emphasis added. The governor's popularity dropped before the referendum and all his proposals failed.)阿诺德施瓦辛格的反复使用的投票[投票] -在他的声望与选民是一个有力的武器-相当于蔑视代表性的政府，而在于决策权的民选官员。 “ （着重号另加。省长的受欢迎程度下降，并在全民公决所有他的建议失败。 ）

The Vivarto system of delegating power from voters is half way between direct democracy and representation.该Vivarto系统下放权力的方式是成功的一半选民之间的直接民主和代表性。 It lets a voter delegate his power on an issue to a rep.它可以让选民授予他的权力的问题上，一个代表。 She has his power only for the issue(s) he chooses to give her and he may rescind that authority at any time.她不仅为自己的权力的问题（县） ，他选择让她和他可能取消这种权力在任何时候。 He may delegate other issues to other reps.他可以把其他问题的其他代表。

Representative Democracy:代议制民主：

A) Limited choices force voters to choose between 2 or 3 bundles of policies, (the major party's programs).甲） 有限公司选择武力选民之间做出选择2个或3个包的政策， （主要党的程序） 。 They may not choose a solution for each policy.他们可能不会选择一个解决方案，每一项政策。 So if one votes for a candidate because of her position on education, one must accept her positions on everything else.因此，如果一票的候选人，因为她的立场教育，我们必须接受她的立场的一切。 This is like having to choose a shopping cart already filled with groceries rather than choosing food to put in the cart.这就像有选择的购物车已经装满食品，而不是选择食物，要在车。

A cartoon from New Yorker magazine: A man with a large nose and open mouth stares up at a shelf with 3 brown-paper bags, priced “groceries $65”, “groceries $55”, and “groceries $70”.一幅漫画从纽约客杂志：一个男人与一个大鼻子，张口盯着架子上的3棕色纸袋，价格“杂货65美元” ， “杂货55美元”和“食品70美元” 。 He appears shocked at this choice; he can't see what is in the bags, much less choose what goes in. Change their labels to "government services $XX" and you have a typical election choice — except in the US where the choice is limited to 2 options.他似乎感到震惊，这样的选择，他看不出是什么的塑料袋，更谈不上选择事情英寸更改其标签为“政府服务XX元” ，你必须选择一个典型的选举-除非是在美国的选择仅限于2选项。

Packaged politics: "conservative", "liberal", reactionary" and "radical"... They compress into a single point a constellation of attitudes about authority, abortion, contraception, conservation, drugs, education, fluoridation, forestry, guns, health, insurance, immigration, inheritance, labor unions, minimum wage, missile defense, monopolies, pollution, prayer in schools, regulation, rent control, taxes, trade, urban sprawl, vaccinations, war. . .包装政治： “保守” ， “自由” ，反动的“和”激进“ ...它们压缩到一个单一的点组成的态度管理局，堕胎，避孕，养护，药品，教育，氟化物，林业，枪支，保健，保险，移民，继承，工会，最低工资，导弹防御，垄断，污染，祈祷在学校，法规，租金管制，税收，贸易，城市扩张，接种疫苗，战争。 。 。

They rob opinion of its complexity.他们认为抢劫其复杂性。 They turn dispassionate discussions of policy into contests of orthodoxy.他们又冷静地讨论政策纳入竞赛正统。

B) Power tends to make reps feel differently and have different interests to protect than voters do.乙类）电源往往使代表感到不同，有着不同的利益，保护比选民做。 Power tends to corrupt.电力往往腐败。

“The worst defect of democracy is that politicians are under constant pressure from the lobbyists of special-interest groups to support particular public policies. “最严重的缺陷，民主是政客们不断的压力之下从游说的特殊利益集团，以支持特别是公共政策。
“Because their future depends on winning elections, and because elections are won by attracting marginal voters, politicians seek the support of marginal voters who belong to such groups by promising to vote for legislation they favor. “因为他们的未来取决于赢得选举，因为选举是赢得选民吸引边缘，政治家争取选民支持的边缘谁属于这类群体的前途投票立法他们青睐。 This weights the legislative process in favor of interest groups, especially the well organized and well funded.”这个重量的立法程序有利于利益集团，特别是良好的组织和资金充足。 “
“The Constitution and Democracy” Academic American Encyclopedia; Grolier interactive; 1996 “宪法与民主”美国学术百科全书;格罗利尔互动; 1996年
[Editor's notes: The great majority of lobbyists represent the special interests of corporations. [编辑注：绝大多数的游说代表的特殊利益的企业。 “marginal” is in relation to the politician's base of core supporters.] “边缘”是相对于政治家的基础核心支持者。 ]

John T. Wenders writes at     http://www.libertyhaven.com/countriesandregions/hongkong/democracy.html约翰吨文德斯写http://www.libertyhaven.com/countriesandregions/hongkong/democracy.html

“The unpopular answer, of course, is no. “不受欢迎的答案当然是否定的。 Freedom and democracy are different.自由和民主是不同的。 In words attributed to Scottish historian Alexander Tytler: 'A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government.在口头上归因于苏格兰历史学家亚历山大泰特勒： '阿，不可能存在民主作为一个永久性的政府形式。 It can only exist until a majority of voters discover that they can vote themselves largess out of the public treasury.'它只能存在着，直到大多数选民发现，他们可以投票本身largess了国库。 Democracy evolves into kleptocracy.民主演变成为盗贼统治的国度。 A majority bullying a minority is just as bad as a dictator, communist or otherwise, doing so.多数欺凌的少数民族也同样糟糕的是独裁者，共产主义或其他方式，这样做的。 Democracy is two coyotes and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch.民主是两个郊狼和羊羔投票有什么吃午饭。

“That was one of Mr. Tose's points. “这是东星先生的点。 He noted that India's democratic socialism was largely driven by a big majority that paid no taxes and used the election process to punish those who did.他指出，印度的民主社会主义基本上是由一个大多数没有缴纳税收和用于选举进程，以惩罚那些谁做。 In India, with a population of 900 million, only 12 million pay any taxes, and only 12,000 of those pay above the base rate.在印度，人口为900万美元，只有12亿支付任何税，只有1.2万人支付高于基准利率。 There you have representation without taxation.有你有代表性不征税。
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“There is a difference between democracy and freedom. “有是有区别的民主和自由。 Freedom is not measured by the ability to vote.自由不是衡量能力表决。 It is measured by the breadth of those things on which we do not vote.这是衡量的广度这些事情上，我们不投票。 Freedom must be protected from democracy.自由必须受到保护，不受民主。 A good constitution will do that.”一部好宪法将这样做。 “

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Accurate Democracy argues that freedom is correlated with the ability to vote effectively.准确的说，民主自由是相关的能力，表决有效。

The argument that “democracy evolves into kleptocracy” is from theory, not from objective measurements.有人认为， “民主演变成为盗贼统治的国度”是从理论，而不是从客观的测量。 There is no country in which the wealthy do not have better health care than the poor, better transportation, more choices of food, and of homes.没有一个国家在富裕没有更好的卫生保健费用比穷人，更好的交通，更多的选择食物，和家园。 All of those freedoms from (crime, disease) or freedoms to (go there, buy that) are larger for the rich than for the poor in the most democratic countries.所有这些自由（犯罪，疾病）或自由（去那里，买的）较大的丰富，而不是穷人的最民主的国家。 The rich in democratic Switzerland have more freedom than the rich in authoritarian Zimbabwe.丰富民主瑞士有更多的自由比富人的专制津巴布韦。 If the Swiss did not vote on pollution and public health issues, the rich of that country would have less freedom from disease.如果瑞士没有参加投票的污染和公共健康问题，丰富了该国将减少免于疾病。

Russia has an excellent constitution.俄罗斯拥有良好的宪法。 But its citizen do not have effective votes.但它的公民没有有效票。 The Swiss have direct democracy on many issues.瑞士的直接民主在许多问题上。 Who is freer the Russians or the Swiss?谁是自由的，俄罗斯或瑞士？ Which do you think is a kleptocracy?你认为这是一个盗贼统治的国度？